The typical industrial robot is mounted on a fixed pedestal base which is connected to other links. The end-effector attaches to the free end and enables the robot to manipulate objects and perform required tasks. Hard automation is differentiated because of the single function. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines have a smaller variety of tasks. A more general definition of a robot is: a general-purpose, reprogrammable machine capable of processing certain human-like characteristics such as judgment, reasoning, learning, and vision. Although industrial robots have been successfully used in a variety of manufacturing applications, most robots used are deaf, dumb, blind, and stationary. In fact, they have been used more like automated machines where the jobs are repetitive, dirty, dangerous, or very difficult. An industrial robot is limited in sensory capabilities (vision and tactile), flexibility, adaptability, learning and creativity. Current researchers are attempting to develop intelligent robots. define an intelligent robot as one that responds to changes to its environment through sensors connected to its controller. Much of the research in robotics has been concerned with vision (eyes) and tactile (fingers). Artificial intelligence (AI) programs using heuristic methods have somewhat solved the problem of adapting, reasoning, and responding to changes in the robot’s environment. For example, one of the most important considerations in using a robot in a workplace is human safety. A robot equipped with sensory devices that detect the presence of an obstacle or a human worker within its work space, could automatically shut itself down in order to prevent any harm to itself and/or the human worker. The intelligent robot is supposed to plan its action in the natural environment, while at the same time performing non-programmed tasks. For example, the learning of locomotion in an unknown environment is extremely difficult to achieve by formal logic

Robots can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed on the lines of human form, but most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to their aesthetics.

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